Learning English

First Semester

1. Parts of Speech

Introduction

“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions andinterjections. We will add one more type:articles.

It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are:

Noun	A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival
Verb	A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
Adjective	An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important
Adverb	An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere
Pronoun	A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Conjunction	A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or
Preposition	A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at
Interjection	An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
Article	An article is used to introduce a noun. Examples: the, a, an

	2. Tenses
	3. Preposition Preposition adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata benda yang berbeda. Subject + Verb Preposition Noun The pen is on the table Her lives in England Henry is looking for you The newspaper is under your green book Pascal is used to English people She isn't used to Working We are before Coming Preposition Example during during the movie, during the flight, during my stay. for for two days, for an hour. from/to from Saturday to Monday, for 5 to 9. between between 1986 and 2012, between Saturday and Monday. until/till until/till Sunday 5 o'clock. by by Tuesday, by next month, by tomorrow. 4.  Passive and Active ·         Active form : In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Example : 1.      John washes the dishes ·         Passive form : In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Example : 1.      The dishes are washed by John   Active Passive Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom. Present Continuous Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah. Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam. Past Continuous The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists. Present Perfect Continuous Recently, John has been doing the work. Recently, the work has been being done by John. Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Past Perfect Continuous Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Simple Future will Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Simple Future be going to Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
	5. REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ·     Regular verbs (kata kerja beraturan) adalah kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan “ed” atau “d”. Secara sederhana regular verb bisa juga di artikan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past tense) dan bentuk ketiganya (past participle) didapatkan dengan menambahkan 'd' atau 'ed' dari basic verb atau kata kerja bentuk dasar (infinitive). Contoh regular verb yang kata kerjanya hanya di tambahkan 'ed':  VERB-1    VERB-II     VERB-III       ARTI ASK          ASKED       ASKED        BERTANYA OPEN       OPENED     OPENED     MEMBUKA ABASH     ABASHED  ABASHED    MEMALUKAN Jika kata kerjanya berakhiran huruf 'E' maka pada verb II dan verb III  hanya di tambahkan 'd':  VERB-1     VERB-II      VERB-III       ARTI CYCLE      CYCLED      CYCLED        BERSEPEDA CHANGE  CHANGEED CHANGED     MENGUBAH DANCE     DANCED      DANCED       MENARI Jika kata kerjanya berakhiran huruf 'Y' dan diawali dengan huruf mati (consonant) maka pada verb II dan verb III akhiran 'Y' diganti menjadi 'I' dan kemudian di tambahkan 'ed': VERB-1   VERB-II       VERB-III        ARTI REPLY      REPLIED       REPLIED     MENJAWAB SUPPLY   SUPPLIED     SUPPLIED    MENYEDIAKAN VERIFY   VERIFIED     VERIFIED       MEMBUKTIKAN ·     Irregular verbs (kata kerja tak beraturan) adalah suatu bentuk dari kata kerja yang bentuk past tense (verb II) dan bentuk pas participle (verb III) mengalami suatu perubahan yang tidak teratur. Irregular verbs dapat dikelompokan menjadi empat bagian yaitu: 1. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai bentuk sama ( verb I, II, III tidak mengalami perubahan) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III     ARTI BID             BID             BID           MENAWAR COST         COST        COST       BERHARGA 2. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai dua bentuk sama (verb II dan Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III     ARTI ABIDE        ABODE       ABODE      TINGGAL AWAKE     AWOKE      AWOKE       BANGUN 3. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai tiga bentuk yang berbeda (dari Verb I sampai Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III           ARTI AWAKE      AWOKE     AWOKEN         MEMBANGUN BREAK       BROKE      BROKEN        MEMATAHKAN 4. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai dua bentuk sama (verb I dan Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1      VERB-II       VERB-III        ARTI BECOME     BECAME     BECOME      MENJADI RUN             RAN             RUN             BERLARI
	6. Comparative and Superlative
	ii.            COMPARATIVE DEGREE Comparison degree digunakanketikauntukmembandingkanduahal.Kebanyakannyaadjectiveatauadverbsatusuku kata ditambahkanakhiran –er, sedangkanduasuku kata ataulebihdiawalidengan katamore.Khususuntukduasuku kata adjective denganakhiran –y, akhirantersebutdihilangkanlaluditambahkan –ier.Comparative degreeinibiasanyaditemani katathan. Contohkalimat: ·      Comparative adjective = cold - colder Your heart is colder than ice. (Hatimulebihdingindaries.) ·      Comparative adverb = fast - faster I run faster than you did. (Sayaberlarilebihcepatdarikamu.)                               iii.            SUPERLATIVE DEGREE Baiksuperlative adjectivemaupunsuperlative adverbmemilikifungsiuntukmembandingkantigahalataulebih.Satusukukatanyaditambahkanakhiran –est, sedangkanlebihdarisatusuku kata diawalidangan kata most. Adapununtukduasuku kataadjectivedenganakhiran –y, akhirantersebutdihilangkanlaluditambahkan –iest.Superlative degreediawalidengan kata the. Contohkalimat: ·      Superlative adjective = cold - coldest Your heart is the coldest of all. (Hatimuadalah yang terdingindarisemuanya.) ·      Superlative adverb = fast - fastest I run the fastest in my class. (Sayaberlari paling cepatdikelas.) 7. Conditional Sentences Conditional Sentence Type 1 → It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. more on Conditional Sentences Type I ► Conditional Sentence Type 2 → It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. more on Conditional Sentences Type II ► Conditional Sentence Type 3 → It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. 8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Adjective clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada main clause dari suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause). Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat, noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object. Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whose, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Example : a.       Who, whom, that = people -          I saw the man. He closed the door I saw the man who closed the door. b.      Which, that = thing -          The book is mine. It is on the table The book that is on the table is mine c.       Where = place -          The building is very old. He lives there The building where he lives is very old d.      Whose = possession -          I know the man. His bicycle was stolen I know the man whose bicycle was stolen e.       When -          I’ll never forget the day. I met you then. I’’ll never forget when I met you