Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause & Noun Clause

Pengertian Clause

Clause adalah kelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate. Clause mungkin berupa sentence (dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat: independent clause). Dalam konstruksinya yang terdiri atas S dan P klausa dapat disertai dengan O, Pel, dan Ket, ataupun tidak. Dalam hal ini, unsur inti klausa adalah S dan P. tetapi, dalam praktiknya unsur S sering dihilangkan. Misalnya dalam kalimat majemuk (atau lebih tepatnya kalimat plural) dan dalam kalimat yang merupakan jawaban.

Contoh clause:            I want some cheese

                                    S             P                  

Ciri-ciri Clause

Adapun ciri-ciri klausa adalah sebagai berikut:

1)      Dalam klausa terdapat satu predikat, tidak lebih dan tidak kurang;

2)      Klausa dapat menjadi kalimat jika kepadanya dikenai intonasi final;

3)      Dalam kalimat plural, klausa merupakan bagian dari kalimat;

4)      Klausa dapat diperluas dengan menambahkan atribut fungsi-fungsi yang belum terdapat dalam klausa tersebut; selain dengan penambahan konstituen atribut pada salah satu atau setiap fungsi sintaktis yang ada.

Adjective Clause

Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whose, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya.

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika tidak ada subject.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause.

Fungsi	Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause	Pembuktian
Subject	who, that, which	that was made of cheddar cheese.	coba substitusi dengan “It” (subjective personal pronoun)
Object*	whom, that, which, who	which I want to buy	coba substitusi dengan “it” (objective personal pronoun)
Possessive	whose	whose house has burned down	coba substitusi dengan “his” (possessive personal pronoun)

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause	Keterangan
who	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)	menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
whom	The woman whom you saw last night is my sister. (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)	menerangkan “woman” (subject kalimat)
whose	The man, whose car is antique, works as a lecturer. (The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)	menerangkan “man” (subject kalimat)
which	Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat. (Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)	menerangkan “Mueeza” (subject kalimat)
where (relative adverb)	Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)	menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
that	It is the car that I have dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)	menerangkan “car” (subject complement)

Adverb Clause

Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan dengan complex sentence, yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.
Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).
Rumus

Subordinate Conjunction + S + V +/- …

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause

Fungsi dan contoh kalimat adverbial clause adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause	Keterangan
memberikan informasi tentang verb	You were sleeping when she arrived. (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.)	verb= were sleeping; subordinate conjunction= when; adverbial clause= when she arrived
memberikan informasi tentang adjective	Her face is fresh because she always does exercise and eats fruits. (Wajahnya segar karena dia selalu berolahraga dan makan buah-buahan.)	adjective= fresh; subordinate conjunction= because; adverbial clause= because she always does exercise and eats fruits
memberikan informasi tentang adverb	He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time. (Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.)	adverb= fast; subordinate conjunction= in order that; adverbial clause= in order that he could arrive on time

Noun Clause
Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object di dalam suatu clause. Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.

Contoh:

• I forgot the fact. (noun)
• I forgot it. (pronoun)
• I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)

Fungsi Noun Clause

Berikut adalah contoh kalimat dari setiap fungsi noun clause.

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause
Subject of a Verb	What she cooked was delicious. (Apa yang dia masak lezat.)
	That today is his birthday is not right. (Bahwa hari ini ulang tahunnya tidak benar.)
Subject Complement	The fact is that she is smart and dilligent. (Faktanya dia cerdas dan rajin.)
	A teacher must be whoever allows students to ask. (Seorang guru harus yang membiarkan siswa untuk bertanya.)
Object of a Verb	Diana believes that her life will be happier. (Diana percaya hidupnya akan lebih bahagia.)
	I want to know how Einstein thought. (Saya ingin tahu bagaimana Einstein berpikir.)
Object of a preposition	The girl comes from where many people there live in poverty. (Anak berasal dari tempat dimana orang-orang hidup dalam kemiskinan.)
	He will attend the party with whichever fits to his body. (Dia akan menghadiri pesta tsb dengan apapun yang cocok dibadannya.)
Adjective Complement	We were worried that she couldn’t recover from divorce. (Kita khawatir dia tidak dapat membaik dari perceraian.)

Learning English

First Semester

1. Parts of Speech

Introduction

“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions andinterjections. We will add one more type:articles.

It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are:

Noun	A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival
Verb	A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
Adjective	An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important
Adverb	An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere
Pronoun	A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Conjunction	A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or
Preposition	A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at
Interjection	An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
Article	An article is used to introduce a noun. Examples: the, a, an

	2. Tenses
	3. Preposition Preposition adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata benda yang berbeda. Subject + Verb Preposition Noun The pen is on the table Her lives in England Henry is looking for you The newspaper is under your green book Pascal is used to English people She isn't used to Working We are before Coming Preposition Example during during the movie, during the flight, during my stay. for for two days, for an hour. from/to from Saturday to Monday, for 5 to 9. between between 1986 and 2012, between Saturday and Monday. until/till until/till Sunday 5 o'clock. by by Tuesday, by next month, by tomorrow. 4.  Passive and Active ·         Active form : In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Example : 1.      John washes the dishes ·         Passive form : In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Example : 1.      The dishes are washed by John   Active Passive Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom. Present Continuous Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah. Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam. Past Continuous The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists. Present Perfect Continuous Recently, John has been doing the work. Recently, the work has been being done by John. Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Past Perfect Continuous Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Simple Future will Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Simple Future be going to Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
	5. REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ·     Regular verbs (kata kerja beraturan) adalah kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan “ed” atau “d”. Secara sederhana regular verb bisa juga di artikan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past tense) dan bentuk ketiganya (past participle) didapatkan dengan menambahkan 'd' atau 'ed' dari basic verb atau kata kerja bentuk dasar (infinitive). Contoh regular verb yang kata kerjanya hanya di tambahkan 'ed':  VERB-1    VERB-II     VERB-III       ARTI ASK          ASKED       ASKED        BERTANYA OPEN       OPENED     OPENED     MEMBUKA ABASH     ABASHED  ABASHED    MEMALUKAN Jika kata kerjanya berakhiran huruf 'E' maka pada verb II dan verb III  hanya di tambahkan 'd':  VERB-1     VERB-II      VERB-III       ARTI CYCLE      CYCLED      CYCLED        BERSEPEDA CHANGE  CHANGEED CHANGED     MENGUBAH DANCE     DANCED      DANCED       MENARI Jika kata kerjanya berakhiran huruf 'Y' dan diawali dengan huruf mati (consonant) maka pada verb II dan verb III akhiran 'Y' diganti menjadi 'I' dan kemudian di tambahkan 'ed': VERB-1   VERB-II       VERB-III        ARTI REPLY      REPLIED       REPLIED     MENJAWAB SUPPLY   SUPPLIED     SUPPLIED    MENYEDIAKAN VERIFY   VERIFIED     VERIFIED       MEMBUKTIKAN ·     Irregular verbs (kata kerja tak beraturan) adalah suatu bentuk dari kata kerja yang bentuk past tense (verb II) dan bentuk pas participle (verb III) mengalami suatu perubahan yang tidak teratur. Irregular verbs dapat dikelompokan menjadi empat bagian yaitu: 1. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai bentuk sama ( verb I, II, III tidak mengalami perubahan) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III     ARTI BID             BID             BID           MENAWAR COST         COST        COST       BERHARGA 2. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai dua bentuk sama (verb II dan Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III     ARTI ABIDE        ABODE       ABODE      TINGGAL AWAKE     AWOKE      AWOKE       BANGUN 3. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai tiga bentuk yang berbeda (dari Verb I sampai Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1     VERB-II     VERB-III           ARTI AWAKE      AWOKE     AWOKEN         MEMBANGUN BREAK       BROKE      BROKEN        MEMATAHKAN 4. Semua kata kerja yang mempunyai dua bentuk sama (verb I dan Verb III) Contoh: VERB-1      VERB-II       VERB-III        ARTI BECOME     BECAME     BECOME      MENJADI RUN             RAN             RUN             BERLARI
	6. Comparative and Superlative
	ii.            COMPARATIVE DEGREE Comparison degree digunakanketikauntukmembandingkanduahal.Kebanyakannyaadjectiveatauadverbsatusuku kata ditambahkanakhiran –er, sedangkanduasuku kata ataulebihdiawalidengan katamore.Khususuntukduasuku kata adjective denganakhiran –y, akhirantersebutdihilangkanlaluditambahkan –ier.Comparative degreeinibiasanyaditemani katathan. Contohkalimat: ·      Comparative adjective = cold - colder Your heart is colder than ice. (Hatimulebihdingindaries.) ·      Comparative adverb = fast - faster I run faster than you did. (Sayaberlarilebihcepatdarikamu.)                               iii.            SUPERLATIVE DEGREE Baiksuperlative adjectivemaupunsuperlative adverbmemilikifungsiuntukmembandingkantigahalataulebih.Satusukukatanyaditambahkanakhiran –est, sedangkanlebihdarisatusuku kata diawalidangan kata most. Adapununtukduasuku kataadjectivedenganakhiran –y, akhirantersebutdihilangkanlaluditambahkan –iest.Superlative degreediawalidengan kata the. Contohkalimat: ·      Superlative adjective = cold - coldest Your heart is the coldest of all. (Hatimuadalah yang terdingindarisemuanya.) ·      Superlative adverb = fast - fastest I run the fastest in my class. (Sayaberlari paling cepatdikelas.) 7. Conditional Sentences Conditional Sentence Type 1 → It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. more on Conditional Sentences Type I ► Conditional Sentence Type 2 → It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. more on Conditional Sentences Type II ► Conditional Sentence Type 3 → It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. 8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Adjective clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada main clause dari suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause). Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat, noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object. Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whose, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Example : a.       Who, whom, that = people -          I saw the man. He closed the door I saw the man who closed the door. b.      Which, that = thing -          The book is mine. It is on the table The book that is on the table is mine c.       Where = place -          The building is very old. He lives there The building where he lives is very old d.      Whose = possession -          I know the man. His bicycle was stolen I know the man whose bicycle was stolen e.       When -          I’ll never forget the day. I met you then. I’’ll never forget when I met you